Thiel Fellowship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thiel Fellowship - Essay Example In my view, these cases are erroneous and need proof. Truth be told mechanical advances in created nations for example have multiplied throughout the years. Taking youthful top ability denies them different instructive advances that are practical for their general achievement throughout everyday life. Moreover, instruction is basic to seeing significantly progressively innovative advances. This in my view renders Thiel Fellowship unimportant in any contemporary society. Unfortunately, Thiel has keeps up that, training may not be valuable for some profession ways and youth do learn different â€Å"valuable things† in school that not wind up helping them throughout everyday life. In my view such cases are ridiculous. Training offers a wide scope of chance. Furthermore, use of procured abilities is indispensable and this is the thing that many vocation ways offer. In my view, Thiel Fellowship may not be a substitute way to genuine and practical achievement. The different gained values in life causes an individual to accomplish their objective and offer maintainable answer for cultural issues. In such manner, even with the opportunity at Thiel Fellowship, I will dismiss the

Corporate Social responsibility assignment Essay

Corporate Social duty task - Essay Example Triple Bottom Line Triple primary concern is a framework that works to guarantee that corporate social duty is viewed as a formal and a fundamental part of business substances. This is on the grounds that it formalizes the procedure of corporate social duties and guarantees that social obligations is remembered for an association at the key level. Triple primary concern is â€Å"... the need for an organization to uncover data about its social and natural presentation in growing† (Sridhar and Jones, 2013 p92). This is on the grounds that triple primary concern makes a circumstance where the natural and social parts of a business is completed in a manner that is fitting and prompts the wellbeing for all substances. What's more, more significantly, ecological and social issues are examined and represented through the triple primary concern framework. This is on the grounds that it incorporates these two viewpoints into the business and the firm won't need to just think about gai nfulness and bringing in cash for the investors yet additionally, different partners and give substantial proof of how they are looking for and moving in the direction of the achievement of partner premiums. Triple main concern includes the recognizable proof of practical corporate execution by coordinating frameworks to achieve and represent three parts of a business: 1. Money related 2. Social and 3. Ecological (Fauzi et al, 2010). This is on the grounds that triple main concern gives a framework to get an association to look past simply money related revealing and budgetary targets. This is on the grounds that it coordinates the components of supportability into corporate detailing. So as to accomplish the gauges of triple primary concern, a firm would need to set up a framework for corporate budgetary, social and natural technique and reports (Jamali, 2006). This will guarantee that an association will have the option to incorporate other significant pointers of corporate social obligation and report it and screen it for a year-on-year improvement. Ditty and Buchholtz (2012) distinguish that triple main concern is a necessity for corporate control and corporate administration that centers around partners and different elements. This is on the grounds that it includes defining objectives in territories and angles that influences different partners and make it basic for corporate substances to move in the direction of the accomplishment of results over a more extensive degree than the conventional strategy. In the initial conversations of Carol and Buchholtz, they explain that from the time of present day business after the Industrial Revolution in the mid 1800s, firms and organizations concentrated unreasonably on the benefit intention and tried to give the eventual benefits of the proprietors of the business just (2012). Be that as it may, the development of the Post-Second World War worldwide request has looked to protect the privileges of people and othe r outsiders and forestall the achievement of benefits to the detriment of others who are associated with or influenced by the business. Subsequently, the triple main concern approach incorporates the necessities of partners by guaranteeing that the requirements of the general public and the more extensive condition is coordinated into the association and the association must show a solid inclination to ensure the more extensive condition through supportable practices and targets and furthermore secure the earth. This is intended to advance the necessities and desires for different partners, not simply investors. Jackson et al

Module 2 Case Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 2 Case Assignment - Coursework Example This paper looks at the vital investigation of Kraft Foods Group utilizing Porter’s five powers and PEST to analyze the company’s outside condition. Kraft Foods Inc. (NYSE:KFT) company works in showcasing and assembling of food items, for example, the bites, cheddar, refreshments, helpful suppers and among different sorts of the bundled basic food item items. The organization has its branches in around in excess of 155 nations around the world. Its three primary fragments incorporate; Kraft Foods Europe, Kraft Foods North America, and Kraft Foods Developing Markets. Kraft Foods Inc. is the second biggest nourishments and Beverages Company in the globe after Nestle. Its brands incorporates: Nabisco, Oreo, and LU rolls; Cadbury and Milka chocolates; Jacob and Maxwell house espressos, gum; Philadelphia cream cheddar; Oscar Meyer meats; Kraft cheeses. The PESTEL examination is a kind of investigation that takes a gander at the political, financial, social, mechanical, ecological and legitimate conditions of the nation with specific reference to a specific organization (â€Å"PEST Analysis†, 2009). PESTEL investigation is introduced beneath: The world of politics favors the turn of events and development of the Kraft Foods Inc. This is because of the way that the organization has for some time been associated with the different network based and political activities. A portion of this incorporates: supporting of the up-and-comers that understands and acknowledges the open strategies that significantly impacts on the business, brands and the workers (Carnegie Research Inc., 2009). Moreover, the organization Kraft Foods has begun the political activity board of trustees considered the Kraftpac that is planned for making financing to the U.S. Government, applicants, boards of trustees, and the state ideological groups. In reinforcing its political base, the organization likewise makes sensible strides in making corporate commitments to the ideological groups, panels, and among others. Its key thought for the

North East Referendum of November 2004 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

North East Referendum of November 2004 - Essay Example In addition the traditionalist considering the majority of the English individuals with their hesitance to acknowledge any progressions might be another explanation behind the refusal to think about the advancement of territorial governments. Anyway the Labor administration of England had an alternate view out and out. With negligence to the popular feeling the administration needed to push the preservationist arrangements of regionalization of the legislature. This, the work government needed to do as a measure to reinforce the working systems of the focal government in the various areas. With this aim the Government held a submission in the North East Region of England on the fourth of November 2004, for surveying the general sentiment on the regionalization of the legislature. For whatever reasons, the submission was dismissed overwhelmingly by the voters indicating their goal unmistakably against the arrangement of any local congregations. This paper endeavors to talk about in detail in addition to other things, the potential explanations behind holding such a submission, the crusades made in help and against such choice, the turnout of the voters and the subtleties of the conclusive outcomes of the choice. North East area in one of the eight districts of England, that extends from Scotland to Yorkshire. The area was made in 1994 and was initially characterized as Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, County Durham and Cleveland As a component of a change of neighborhood government Cleveland has since been nullified and a few unitary regions made. (All Experts) A rich regular legacy makes the district one of the extraordinary area with its significant lots of coast and broad upland tracts. The capital of the area is Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The Cathedral city of Durham in this district is the city's political focus and was tipped to get the gathering housed there. Sunderland and Middlesbrough are different urban areas of the North East locale of England. Essentially these urban areas were industrialized ones. In that capacity, compensation and the ways of life in the district are the most reduced in England, with high joblessness the standard (Andrew Stevens 2004) The area has additionally come back to the Parliament political fat cats like Prime Minister Tony Blair himself among others. With this foundation the administration set forth the submission to the individuals of North East England to choose the presentation of a provincial government body in the North East district of England. The voters in the area of North East England dismissed the proposition for shaping a local get together in a definitive way, making the other two arranged referenda for various districts retired by the legislature at any rate briefly. The choice had a turnout of 47.8 percent, out of which 22.1 percent casted a ballot for the local get together, while 77.9 percent casted a ballot against making their assessment unequivocal without question. 1.2 Government's Views on the Need for a Directly-Elected Regional Assembly: The administration of UK had communicated its perspectives on the need to have a chosen territorial get together for the North East England and with these perspectives just the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister had coordinated the base work far doing a choice in the district as to survey the general conclusion for the formation of the chosen local gathering. The North East Constitutional Convention had distinguished the accompanying explanations behind the North

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - President's Doctrine Assignment

The Cold War and U.S. Strategy - President's Doctrine - Assignment Example Without the help of Great Britain, neither Greece nor Turkey could endure the Soviet assault. Strategy producers in the U.S knew about the precariousness in this locale and expected that if Turkey yielded to the weights from the Soviets, Greece’s position will be compromised and that Turkey itself would not make due for long if Greece capitulates to socialism. The vital significance of the steadiness Greece and Turkey to the U.S can't be subverted since their fall would mean geologically fortifying of the Soviet Union’s capacity to end well disposed flexibly chains in the midst of war. As indicated by the U.S Undersecretary of state Dean Acheson, the U.S had more in question if either Greece or Turkey was to fall. The spread of socialism would be far and wide coming to the extent India toward the east and Iran toward the south. Such feelings of trepidation are what affected Truman’s organization to rethink American Foreign arrangement (McGhee, 2006). Conversation The withdrawal of Great Britain’s money related guide to both Greece and Turkey, the associated obstruction with Soviet in Turkish and Greek undertakings and the decreasing connection between the U.S and the Soviet Union is the thing that affected President Truman’s organization choice of reorienting the U.S international strategy. ... This at that point came to be known as the â€Å"Truman’s Doctrine† and was accordingly received by the Congress and is the thing that molded Americas international strategy (Merrill, 2006). Truman considered a Communist triumph in Greece to sabotage the political soundness in Turkey as well as imperil the political strength in the Middle East. He contended that the U.S national security depended on its regional security as well as on the control of the Soviet dictatorship coercive venture into autonomous, free countries. The United States reoriented international strategy dependent on Truman’s principle currently implied that it would effectively help in safeguarding the political freedom and honesty of â€Å"free people’s† as far such help was to the greatest advantage of the U.S. As indicated by Truman, the U.S expected to avail$400 million worth of help to both the Turkish and Greek Governments and help in the sending of gear, U.Smilitary and re gular citizen staff to the locale. This tenet was the first among a few regulation proportions of managing domino impact of socialism (Merrill, 2006). The U.S government at that point set out on reestablishing the economies of Western Europe nations as a socialism regulation measure. To do this, the â€Å"Marshall Plan†also known as Economic Cooperation Actwas built up on June 5, 1947 and got operational in April 1948. Through this arrangement, the U.S was to give monetary guide to aid the remaking of the war-torn areas and help in mechanical modernization. The Marshal plan was an enormous achievement and was supplanted in 1951 by the â€Å"Mutual Security Plan†. The U.S arrangement creators were realized that countries across Europe could

Critique The Student Author Anil Toraty on topicWhy is it important

Critique The Student Author Anil Toraty on topicWhy is it important Critique The Student Author Anil Toraty on topic:Why is it important for leader performance achievement to be measured reported â€" Assignment Example > Measuring and Reporting Leaders’ Performance and Achievement Measuring and Reporting Leaders’ Performance and Achievement Organizations that perform well usually develop and set out effective performance measurement for its leaders. Performance measurement helps an organization in evaluating their programs, processes and employees. Key performance indicators evaluate progress of programs and processes for achieving an organization’s goals and objectives. The paper provides a critical analysis of the work of Anil Toraty on the reasons for carrying out performance and achievement measurement in an organization. Anil approaches the topic with a focus on three major areas that include measurement, reporting and importance of performance and achievement to leaders. Measurement of Performance and Achievement Anil fails to introduce the topic under discussion. A brief paragraph should introduce the topic and extensively expound on it, which gives the reader an insight on what the paper presents. The introduction used in this critique offers a suggestion on how to introduce the topic on performance and achievement measurement. It is prudent to discuss the subtopics only after introducing the main topic. The reader is unable to link the idea of measuring performance with the topic under discussion at this stage. Poor referencing appears in the second sentence of the introductory section. A good suggestion could be that Mitzberg, Kotter and Spitzer extensively wrote on the importance of conducting performance measurement within business organizations. Anil does not give a clear explanation of how measuring the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) makes performance visible. First, there should be an explanation on what Key Performance Indicators are. According to Spitzer (2007, p. 40), KPIs ar e precise measurements reflecting the critical success factor of business. KPIs vary depending on the organization, and are usually long-term. Instead of just making shallow statement that KPIs make performance visible, a brief discussion on functions of KPIs is appropriate. KPIs provide business leaders with measurable standards that they can use to track the progress and implement changes in an organization (Frederickson Frederickson 2006, p. 39). KPIs find their use mostly when businesses perform strategic planning. In the process of carrying out strategic planning, KPIs helps to benchmark the business’ current performance. Even though the preceding sentences attempt to elaborate more on the significance of performance measurement, Anil does not give proper explanation on this area. Measuring performance benefits the business in many ways. First, it helps in identifying if the business is meeting the needs of customers (Spitzer 2007, p. 58). Second, it helps in understanding the processes in an organization, which then can make chief executive officers to be aware of problems in an organization. In addition, performance measurement points out areas that need improvement, hence ensures accomplishment of organizational goal and objectives. Anil’s paper fails to address measurement of achievement. The first section only discuses measurement of performance, but it should to be in one section. Addressing measurement of achievement gives a comparison between the two in terms of their significance in a business organization. According to Marshall and Marshall, 2011, measuring achievement bases on the results of business processes (p. 18). Therefore, measuring achievement helps an organization identify accomplished goals and objectives. Reporting of Performance and Achievement A detailed discussion is evident in the section of reporting performance and achievement. The section shows facts on every detail. Moreover, Anil uses Harvard Business Review to enhance the reader’s understanding of reporting leader’s performance and achievement. Reporting leader’s performance and achievements involve listing the names of top managers and other executive officers of a different organization (Marshall Marshall 2011, p. 10). There are establishments that specifically do this work, for instance the Harvard Business Review as outlined in Anil’s paper. Although Anil’s discussion on this section is good, purpose for reporting leader’s performance does not come out clearly. Anil, should state that reporting leader’s performance and achievement is mainly to motivate the best performing executive officers in an organization. Individuals feel motivated if they receive appreciation for a job well done. Importance of Measuring and Reporting Leader’s Performance The final section of the paper is equally good and gives a detailed explanation on the importance of measuring and reporting performance and achievement in an organization. However, the paper ought to provide further explanations on how measuring and reporting leader’s performance help in the formulation of organizational visions and goals (Institute of Medicine 2006, p. 329). Leaders with demonstrated managerial skills can formulate goals and objectives to ensure success of the business. It is important to discuss that measuring leader’ performance acts to motivate them to continue striving and maintain the high operation standards already established. The content of Anil’s paper is relatively exhaustive on discussing the topic of measuring and reporting of leaders’ performance with an organization. In addition, there are instances of improper referencing in Anil’s paper as criticized above. Bibliography Frederickson, D Frederickson, G 2006, Measuring the Performance of the Hollow State, Georgetown University Press, Washington. Institute of Medicine 2006,  Performance Measurement: Accelerating Improvement, National Academies Press, Washington D. C. Marshall, E. Marshall, E 2011, Transformational Leadership in Nursing: From Expert Clinician to Influential Leader, Springer, New York. Spitzer, D 2007,  Transforming Performance Measurement: Rethinking the Way We Measure and Drive Organizational Success, Amacom, New York.

Inventories Goods Purchased For Resale And Consumable Stores Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

In this assignment let us more understanding the topic of accounting for inventories .We know got two of inventory valuation methods and two of inventory system .We also know the meaning of cost and lower of cost or market (LCM) and Net realizable value (NRV).Then ,we know real business how to use this all method in business . II Definition of Inventories Inventories are assets of : To held for sale in not unusual course of the business ,also called in finished goods . In work that have not been completed but incurred in capital investment in company ,also called in work in progress. And a material or substance that purchase required to use in production of goods or service for the sale ,also called in raw material . Goods that purchases for resale and consumable stores . Two of inventory valuation methods First in first out (FIFO) method is meaning the first goods or first assets that received or produced are the first goods to issued .During economic inflation ,the closing inventory and profit is higher and cost of goods sold is lower. Because older inventory from the earlier lower price purchases will be issue out for sales first in lower cost of goods sold out . FIFO may be used by aÂÂ  individualÂÂ  or a corporation. Weight Average Cost (WAC) method is meaning use the cost of goods available for Sale then divided it by use the sum amount of goods from the purchases and beginning inventory. Then this will give us Weighted Average Cost per unit. The physical count is to performed in the ending inventory to decide the amount of goods left in company. Lastly , the amount are multiply of the Weighted Average Cost per Unit after that to get the estimate the ending inventory cost. Two of Inventory System The Perpetual inventory system is can also call continuous system .Its system means of inventory on hand can determined at any time so that the profit can calculated as frequently as management requires in monthly or any time. The Periodic inventory system is usually only count all inventory items on business at the end of the accounting period .It process of count inventory causes disruption to the normal routine of business. Cost and lower of cost or market (LCM) and Net realizable value (NRV) Cost is the value of money of the product, items, services and also other items that buy for using of business. Cost also can given up to make decision of decide the price of the product. Product will depend on cost to decide whether the price should high or low. Lower of Cost or Market (LCM) is a way to report inventory. When the lower of cost or market is applied to inventory, the accountant will list the item at the lower of the cost. If the inventory has decreased below historical cost then the value will reduced and also report on balance sheet Net realizable value (NRV) is value of an asset that can be realized by a company, less a reasonable prediction of the costs associated. Net realisable value is generate equal to selling price of the inventory goods less than selling costs. Then to get the net realizable value is use the estimated selling price or current market price minus all the expenditure to incurred and before complete the sales that call selling cost. In pr udence concept ,cost more than NRV ,the company required use NRV to value its inventory. Cost less than NRV ,the company required use cost to value its inventory III Illustrations In illustrations we were give five example of real business .We will explain each real business use which inventories method, inventory system and choose lower of cost or market (LCM) or Net realizable value (NRV). First ,Macdonald company is an international company that provides people a source of fast food in now a busy world. Macdonalds practiced FIFO method in their stocks because they are in food industry and the freshness of their serving is important, therefore Macdonald will clear out their earlier stock faster to prevent the loss in their freshness of food. This means the raw materials are used in order they are receive. So that, stock in Macdonald is always good quality to sold to customers because their products are sold in the order they are made. When they use First In, Last Out (FILO)method , then their finished product (food) will be smelly not good and not fresh or mildew because the first product that prepared is most last to sold out to customers. Macdon alds is use the amount that lowers of cost or market as of the balance sheet date of inventories minus all valuation and other allowances. It did not include the non-current inventory in their balance sheet. The company uses the lower of cost or market to ensure that their company valuation is fair. Macdonald uses the perpetual inventory system, this is because they business operate in large number of stock in stock out, therefore they have to have instance visual on their preparation of raw material, enough supply of foods, drinks and else. Second,TOMEI company sell luxury goods, they have various type of accessory in gold, silver. TOMEI handle their raw material inventory by using WAC method. There is because the raw material such as gold and silver conservation period is long. They handle their raw material using WAC because when TOMEI process the raw material, what they needed is not only simple gold as an accessory, it might add with silver or else. Therefore the use o f WAC is reasonable from TOMEI to manage their inventory. TOMEI value their inventory using NRV, as we know that the inventory of TOMEI is raw material in gold or silver, as this will be material in their reporting of their financial position. TOMEIs valued the inventory by NRV or selling price, to ensure that the shareholders benefit and to build a good position to the public acknowledgement. The refreshment of their inventory will be in periodic system. The raw material of the luxury goods will take time for the miner to mine. Therefore TOMEI buy in large quantity if they needed or they will have to mine themselves for raw gold and silver. Third ,The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf or more well known as coffee bean, besides franchising their business, they are actually in food industry that provides high quality of coffee, serving of delights. Coffee Bean they have their own stock kept. In terms of valuating their stock they practice FIFO methods. Where this method is recogni ze by IFRS, and also practice parallel with their business activities. FIFO methods is main used to clear off the stock which came in first where most company will use to ensure that there is no loss of inventory due to expiry. Coffee Bean uses NRV method to value their stock kept. They have many branch to take care as the branch have different management system, therefore they try to make it equal and same for all. As Coffee Bean mostly will be in franchised, their stock will be in perpetual system, they will always keep all their records, books. To guarantee there what menu stated will be provided. Third , Dell have been operating for more than 26 years, Dell has branches over the world, communities, customers to use technology to realize their dreams. Dell product is more towards technology and software. Dell manage their hardware inventory by WAC method, as we know that dell is producing a complete set of technology product, for example a desktop, it is not important where the hardware use is first in or last in. The finished goods will be run on a test, the parts that malfunctions will be replaced. Dell is an international company that operates to handle thousand of customer a day. Their value of stock will be valued according to NRV, the NRV will directly influence the securities of Dell, it is due to the inventory will be a major asset of them. Dell companies practice perpetual system for their inventory maintenance, with the system Dell companies will have their real time records on their inventory. It will help them to secure for the production and also to keep up with the order from their customer. Finally, Intel is a global brand with offices in more than 25 countries, major of production of Intel will be chipset and computers processor. As Intel is a huge company that has strict inventory management, FIFO method is used to monitor the activities of the inventory. The main reason for this method is used is because it can help to clear out the stock that eventually coming in for quiet a moment. For most of the international company, NRV will be use to value their stock inventory as this will affect in the balance sheet and also will have an effect on the security of the company. Intel practices a periodic system on their inventory checking. In order to keep up to the speed of the production Intel have to purchase raw material frequently, therefore a periodic supply of the material in an important fact to Intel.

Malware And Its Effects On Society - 1294 Words

Just like a biological virus, a computer virus is able to infect and ruin lives. This malicious software constitutes more than just simple viruses but also includes other types of software including worms, Trojan horses, and ransomware. Malware has been around since the late 1980’s. Originally, people became hackers to gain notoriety online, but today, it has become more of a business. Cyber attacks originate from all around the world, and it is not just individual people that benefit from it. In two decades, numerous cyber crime syndicates have been created, and states all over the world sponsor hacker groups. Over the past twenty-five years, malware has become less about checking the integrity of computer security and gaining notoriety in the underground cyber society, and it has become more of a chaos creating, money making business that many people and institutions take part in. History of malware To understand the business of malware, one must understand how malware has evolved in the past twenty-five years. Malware, which includes all kinds of malicious software, was originally created to show the weaknesses of computers. The first type of malware, created in 1986, was a virus called â€Å"Brain.A. Brain.A was developed in Pakistan, by two brothers - Basit and Amjad. They wanted to prove that PC is not secure platform, so they created virus that was replicating using floppy disks† (MiloÃ… ¡ević). Even today malware is still used to check the security of machines.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Cybercrime1019 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Malware is a malicious software and act a single term to refer to virus, trojan horse, spy ware, worm and spam. It is design to harm to a standalone computer or a network computer. Type Of Malware Virus is a program that replicates by being copied to another program, computer or documents. 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The Success Of An Overseas Business Venture - 1968 Words

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Emphasis must be placed onRead MoreScope of International Operations Walmart1286 Words   |  6 Pages Ballys also has a joint venture agreement with China Sports Industry Co. (CSI), the largest publicly traded company related to sports and fitness in China. The joint venture includes opening Ballys in major cities such as: Beijing, Shanghai, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines. This joint venture with CSI took place in June 2002 estimating 50 to100 Ballys to be opened in Asia over the next five years. Along with CSI, Ballys has a joint venture with Holmes Place, the leadingRead MoreSolving the Labor Dilemma in a Joint Venture in Japan752 Words   |  4 PagesSolving the Labor Dilemma in a Joint Venture in Japan 1. What steps can you suggest that might help John solve his labor problems for the new plant in Tokyo? First an International or Global Human Resources Manager should be hired since this person is familiar with operations in the United States and Japan. This executive will be knowledgeable of both countries (U.S. Japans) education, economic, legal and political system and specially its socio-cultural environment and will be key player inRead MoreEvaluating Sainsbury s Resources And Capabilities Also For The Future Movement1725 Words   |  7 PagesFDI (Greenfield, Joint venture, Franchising). This report is using former evaluating tools in order to diagnose Sainsbury’s resources and capabilities also for the future movement in Egypt. [1]Analysis of internal environment [SWOT AND VRIO] 1-1 SWOT SWOT analysis is a useful method to investigate internal environment. By implementing SWOT as an analytic tool for Sainsbury, the company could gain a comprehensive list of factors they should concern in running a business properly. Strength-TheRead MoreStrategic Directions-formal and informal1415 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironmental scanning process include the following: a) Political instability- such matters as war, political unrest and terrorist activity could jeopardize the ownership or viability of a foreign business. b) Currency instability- Inflation and fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the profitability of overseas operations. c) Nationalism- The host countrys goals for independence can adversely affect expatriate companies by using competitive and protectionist practices such as insufficient patentRead MoreGoing Global: Indian Mncs1629 Words   |  7 Pagesmeant an organization with its headquarters located outside India and having presence in India as a part of its global network. In other words, in Indian eyes,†MNC† meant a foreign company, which has come into India. In recent times, however the business world has seen the emergence of a new breed of companies, which is beginning to be referred to as â€Å"India MNCs†.The Indian MNC is a company which is Indian in origin and spreading its wings to set up operations in various markets around the world

Political Representation Of Political Violence - 1337 Words

When embarking on a study of the representation of political violence in drama, it is essential first of all to establish some agreed-upon terms and frames of reference, and some reasonably stable understanding of the object of study. Political violence as a subject for dramatic representation can be seen as a special category of what is called political drama more generally. Political drama can be understood to include such ingredients as the clash of political philosophies and strategies in concrete situations, the struggle for political power through democratic or extra-democratic means, the maneuverings, triumphs and defeats of parties, groups and classes in pursuit of their political goals, and the ceaseless weighing of ends and means in that pursuit. As a field of human activity and commitment, politics, broadly defined, has furnished material for a huge number of plays, engaging audiences in the recurring variations of personal and political dilemmas. Some of these plays can b e seen to have the overt aim of changing or reinforcing the spectators understanding and political alignment; others present the spectacle of human behavior in the political realm in an ostensibly neutral way. The dramatic representation of political violence addresses more specifically the call to violent action, armed struggle, the readiness to fight and to kill, in the pursuit or defence of political ends. It can, to a considerable extent, be analyzed in the terms andShow MoreRelatedCompetitive Authoritarianism And Political Authoritarianism869 Words   |  4 Pages1. competitive authoritarianism competitive authoritarianism Levitsky and Way describe, a competitive authoritarianism is, in essence, a democracy but it lacks proportional representation and most of the elections and government institutions are predisposed to only the elites. Juan Linz describes this as a diminished form of authoritarianism. In competitive authoritarianism regimes, elections are normally rigged, power figures regularly misuse state resources while oppressed are denied simple libertiesRead MoreSocial Awareness : Understanding The Emotions Of Other People ( What Others Are Thinking And Feeling )1258 Words   |  6 Pagescontribution to family support; access to and control of family resources. Community-- Women’s access to employment; ownership of assets and land; access to credit; involvement /or representation in local trade associations; access to market. Broaden Arenas-- Women’s representation in high paying jobs; women CEO’s; representation of women’s economic interests in macro-economic policies, state and federal budgets. Socio-Cultural-- women should get the education and contribute in making the changes in socio-culturalRead MoreThe Lack Of Positive Peace1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the legislative process. In this manner, the results of a positive peace process are very narrow within the application of GFA principles of governing within a â€Å"constitutional† framework. Political progress also tends to assume that the problems of Northern Ireland exist purely on a political level and can be resolved via electoral arrangements. Yet much of the research suggests social, cultural and economic differences that divide the population may be beyond constitutional resolution (DuffyRead MoreEssay on Lack of Women Holding Office in Sub-Saharan African Politics1079 Words   |  5 Pageswomen and the development of a society relies on the success of maintaining gender equity. Though this is an international issue, I plan to focus on representation of women in politics in sub-Saharan Africa. I hope to explore why the percentage of women in politics is smaller than that of men and how this affects gender equity. Fortunately, representation is improving at a steady rate and I will explain the factors that are contributing to this increase. The lack of women that hold office in Sub-SaharanRead MoreNepals Present Is Reflexive of Its History1725 Words   |  7 PagesNepal’s present is reflective of its history. Within the past few years, the country has been in a state of disarray because its history has been fraught with political turmoil. As a whole, Nepal is a severely underdeveloped country. Throughout its history, Nepal has had little interaction with the outside world. The lack of political stability throughout its history accounts for many of the reasons of why Nepal is the way it is. As a landlocked country, Nepal has had little interaction with theRead MoreMovie Analysis : Hotel Rwanda1519 Words   |  7 Pagesat the center of the violence, leading to popular opinion of the Hutu population as barbaric and uncivilized and the Tutsi as innocent liberators. The film is historically accurate with respect to its representation of the physical similarities between both populations, as well as its depiction of the Hutu and Tutsi living in harmony prior to the assassination of the Rwandan president. Despite these accuracies, Hotel Rwanda fails to capture the true matrix of economic, political and historical mechanismsRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Inner City1605 Words   |  7 Pagesemphasis is placed on social and personal choice instead of racism as a political force that restricts choice, victim blaming prevents problem solving† (â€Å"Where ya at?† 318). We can surmise, then, that Obama’s image is directly related to the notion of the â€Å"post-racial† through his failure to explicitly discuss racism, which in turn, affects how notions of race and raciality are conceived and discussed in the American socio-political landscape as a whole; in contrast, hip hop is in a position to dealRead MoreWhat Is Art?, And Marcel Duchamp s The Creative Act1067 Words   |  5 Pagesnonfigurative subject catches the symbolic harrowing moment of the effect of war and violence happened, also a metaphor of her culture idea and individual meaning, experience her political view to deal with female issue of the subject matter. The female shoes as the subject of this artwork do not have the beauty and cannot understand the truth at the first sign, but the form the art clearly indicates the representation meaning of the truth of the subject. In Adam’s views of art, â€Å"the works of artRead MoreEssay about Nationalism and Ethnic conflict 1444 Words   |  6 Pagesan institution† (Bertrand, 20). When Suharto left as dictator, major political and social changes consumed Indonesia, which threatened the Indonesian realm. The people of Indonesia struggled to define their sense of nationalism. The national model of Indonesia was a set of standards on the nature of the nation, its composition, and it’s boundaries. Stakeholders agreed on institutional frameworks or those imposed in political power. Surprisingly, ethnic groups tend to worry about losing their positionRead MoreAnti Muslim And Anti Islam Sentiments And Associated Everything Muslim Related With Negative Stereotypes1389 Words   |  6 Pagesonly sees Islamophobia as a collection of negative sentiments but also extends it to â€Å"the practical consequences of such hostility in unfair discrimination against Muslim individuals and communities, and to the exclusion of Muslims from mainstream political and social affairs† (p. 4). Various authors use ‘Islamophobia’ as a term that is not even explicitly defined (Bunzl, 2007; Cole, 2009; Halliday, 1999; Kaplan, 2006; MacMaster, 2003; Poynting Mason, 2007) while others categorizations of it seems

The Declaration Of War Against The Great Britain - 956 Words

One of the many challenges the founding father faced,when creating the system of government we still follow to this day, was what powers should each part of government be given. After winning the war against the Great Britain and declaring freedom one of the concern they had was in creating a leader that has a great deal of power and becoming almost like the monarchy they fought against. Creating the president, which didn t exist under the confederation, was seen as one of best outcomes of the convention since it provided a focal point for the government. One thing for sure that most founding fathers agreed upon was limiting the president’s power and making Congress be responsible for critical issues. One of these crucial responsibility given to congress is the declaration of war. Even though the president is the commander in chief of the army and is also responsible for the conduct and execution of the war; the actually declaration is a power assigned to congress, which is found in Article 1, section 8 of the constitution.One thing that needs clarification,when it comes to the issues of how a country get’s involved in a war is understanding the difference between declaring war and engaging in a war. Declaring a war is a formal statement made by a governmental body, in our case by congress, stating that the U.S. is about to enter into a war with another nation. On the other hand ,if the U.S. is invaded,attacked or if the well being of the citizens is inShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Patrick Henry And Thomas Jefferson1220 Words   |  5 Pagestook action to receive independence from Great Britain. The two revolutionary leaders are remarkably comparable and contrastable from each other. One huge difference between Henry and Jefferson is their difference as an individual person, views, and politics. Another difference is the difference between the two author s purpose, tone, and writing techniques that helped get their points across. A last identified difference is the simple fact that the Declaration for Independence is a document whereasRead MoreThe War Of Americ The Declaration Of Independence1056 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Declaration of Independence. The event that commenced the starting history of the Declaration of Independence was the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War was a battle in the middle of Britain and France that endured from 1754-1763. The English eventually came to defeat the colonial outposts, however it was at a cost so amazing that the debt practically annihilated the English government. It was that debt that created the heightening of strains prompting the Revolutionary War. ParliamentRead MoreThe British And Indian War913 Words   |  4 Pagesthe The Great Migration. The British westward expansion led to land claim disputes with the French on the Ohio River Valley and the Northeast fisheries. These disputes led to the French and Indians uniting against Britain in the war known as the the French and Indian War. Although American relations with Britain remained economically similar in the time before and after the French and Indian War in that Great Britain relied on the American colonies for rev enue, the French and Indian War was a significantRead MoreEssay On Nationalism808 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurred between 1700-1865 were influenced by nationalism. Nationalism greatly influenced the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the War of 1812, and the Manifest Destiny in 1845. But what is nationalism? Nationalism is an ‘ideology based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interest.’ The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4th, 1776. It served as the nations cry for independence. This documentRead MoreSimilarities Between The Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence948 Words   |  4 Pagespieces for our society. In this group, the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson and Common Sense by Thomas Paine both hold high positions. Thomas Paine wrote â€Å"The Crisis†, which was a chapter in his pamphlet Common Sense, which advocated that the thirteen original colonies gain independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence was a government document written in 1776 that proclaims America a state of democracy not connected to Britain. Although they share a general topic, bothRead MoreEssay about The Declaration of Independence769 Words   |  4 Pages The Declaration of Independence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness-That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their justice Powers from the consent of the Governed, that whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of theRead MoreGeorge Washington Thomas Jefferson s The Declaration Of Independence1544 Words   |  7 Pageswas a member of the House of Burgesses was Knowledgeable in political theory. After Jefferson’s wife died he decided to do public service. On June 28, 1779 Jefferson gave a draft of the Declaration of Independence to Congress. Four days later congress voted for independence, they then reused the Declaration of Independence which took them two days; they finished the changes on July 4th 1776. Americans had wanted to be a free nation and got out from under George III. â€Å"The document accused theRead MoreImpact Of The Enlightenment And The French Revolution1015 Words   |  5 PagesIn the 18th centurty, people in North America and Europe were revolting against the common enemy, the Kingdom of Great Britain. There were two wars, The Revolutionay War, and The French Revolution. Both of these wars were influenced by the enlightenment, but what were the philosophies of each war, and what happened at the end of them? The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a period of time both the 13 British Colonies and the French used as inspiration in their RevolutionsRead MoreEssay on Dbq Causes of Revolutionary War726 Words   |  3 Pagesdefended themselves against British tyranny. Since the Parliament’s claim was that it had authority over the colonies â€Å"in all cases whatsoever†, the Americans felt threatened and had to resist by force. Document 6 Why was Paine unwilling to be reconciled with Britain? Paine was unwilling to be reconciled with Britain because it brought war into the land. Was Paine an objective and unbiased reporter? Explain. Paine was not an objective and unbiased reported because he was going against the king. DocumentRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Declaration Of Independence1624 Words   |  7 PagesThe Declaration of Independence was an important document in American history but it does not mean that it gained us our true freedom. It was a document that was written and signed on July 4th, 1776. The men that signed such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson told the colonists that this was a sign of them splitting from Great Britain and becoming an independent nation thus being called the United States of America. The document was then sent over to Great Britain for King George to read.

Immigrant Families in the US Free Essays

1) Immigrant families in the United States Immigrants feel that their roles, beliefs, values, etc. are not as effective as the Unites States’, thus becoming stressful. â€Å"Therefore, in addition to the typical normative (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigrant Families in the US or any similar topic only for you Order Now g., family transitions) and nonnormitive (e.g., family natural disasters) stressors that families encounter, immigrant families experience unique stress and change relates to migration and acculturation† (Bush et al., 2010, p.287). Immigrants feel that they have to change their ways and it not only becomes stressful to the family members but also to the whole family system. The best way that immigrants have adapted is with integration. By combining their old ways with the new ways of the United States culture, they find comfort. Another common stressor is language barriers. â€Å"The inability to read signs, posted warnings, food labels, job applications, and materials related to children’s schooling is a frustration experience for many immigrants and can lead to increased pressure to learn English† (Bush et al., 2010, p.289). For adults who don’t have English classes to attend or the transportation to get to one, don’t get the social support they need in the United States. A lot of women, especially in Asian cultures, are not prepared for social skills outside of the family. On the up side stressors from the family system can be very positive and increase adaption. â€Å"Religion, spirituality, ethnic communities, and enclaves, shared cultural values, and informal and formal social support can serve as resources that aid immigrant families in adaption† (Bush at el., 2010, p.305). 2) â€Å"The ability to meet debt obligations, credit card use, and frequency of late payments made by credit users are all important factors in assessing subjective economic stress. Financial satisfaction appears to be directly related to credit practices and attitudes† (Bartholomae et al., 2010, p.193). Couples balance their financial differences by coping to deal with these matters. Social support and financial resources help to do so. Couples are also better equipped to deal with economic stress when they have a high self esteem and control over their finances. However some family members lose their job, get divorces, sick, or in debt so bad that bankruptcy takes place. This becomes severe economic stress. 3) I agree 100% that same sex marriages should be able to have legally bound assets, especially if they have children together. â€Å"Widespread legal recognition of LGB-parent families will help foster acceptance of these families, ensure the protection of these via the provision of standard rights and benefits and promote the stability and security of LGB-parent families and their children, thereby contributing to their health and well being† (Goldberg, 2010, p.279).Not granting legal recognition also questions a couples ability to commit and their stability. 4) When immigrants live in an ethnic enclave they find it easier to cope with their surroundings and face less prejudice and discrimination. Women also find it easier to work because most can bring their child to work because most can bring their child to work with them. Although there are a lot of benefits within enclaves I don’t necessarily believe it will completely help a family with their problems. What if their child/children leave the enclave someday? Will they be prepared for the outside world? And what if the enclave was destroyed? I feel that they would have an easier time in the long run if they gradually introduced themselves to the outside world. When children become interpreters for serious matters such as applying for social service benefits, it is stressful for them. â€Å"In such a situation, children are likely to feel the stress of adult responsibilities, whereas their parents may feel the stress of role reversal that comes from relying on children for their survival and well being† (Bush et al., 2010, p.290).When children take on these tasks they are not allowed to mature normally and they can become more dependent than their parents. Children can also misinterpret language. For example, saying â€Å"she fell off a latter† when really meaning â€Å"she fell down the stairs†. Immigrant families adjust to their new home better when living in familiar surroundings. The communities can also give social support by making it easy to meet friends with similar experiences and backgrounds. How to cite Immigrant Families in the US, Essay examples

My Love for Learning English Essay Example For Students

My Love for Learning English Essay The journey of my prior life mostly regards my education from the beginning of learning English to the final decision when I was in the last year of high school. My English when I was in primary school was quite terrible. I gained a little bit of knowledge there. I scarcely read, wrote, or listened. I did not know any aspects of it and just wondered why I had to learn this alien language. When I came into secondary school, I was thinking that English in the school was still a low standard. Apart from my dullness, I realized if I did not do anything, I definitely got dumb and would be given a horrible grade. Therefore, I was looking for a tutor in some academics outside. In junior high school, I made a decision to take an extra tutorial class with a couple who were the teachers at my school teaching the senior high school students. Mrs. Pimpimai taught me English grammar, while Mr. Pimpimai instructed me the listening, reading, and speaking. I was studying on the weekend. Another reason I chose to study with them was because the cost was not too expensive or unaffordable. At that time, I had not been fond of English yet, and I found it difficult. However, I fully paid attention to it. The comparison between studying in the school and outside was very stark. The first year, in the school, I studied only the tedious passages from the dullest textbook, while I began to remember the important irregular verbs and learned about the tenses, especially the perfect tense. The teacher, at the same time, taught me reading the passages, listening, and speaking. For the second year, I had learned the texts again in the school, when the external class began to teach me the tough lessons of passive voice and other grammars. On the contrary, my friends started to read passive voice and irregular verbs later than me, when we were in the third year. I took pity on them due to the fact that they had a less time to memorize lots of irregular verbs to use them in passive voice. That made most of my friends give up studying. Some of them were nearly disgusted learning English. In senior high school, I was a student learning in the sciences and mathematics program. I intentionally studied both sciences and English. Though I could learn both of them well, my English was more outstanding than sciences and mathematics. Nevertheless, I did not think I really felt passionate about English, and always thought that I wanted to be a doctor like other friends with all of the reasons simply depending on the program I learned, family’s expectations, and social value. I had deceived myself for almost two years before I had to choose the field in university. During senior high school, I still took extra tutorial English class but at another school. I was so happy when I learned it; moreover, the higher the scores I got, the happier in learning English I was. Finally, I was in the last year of high school. I tried my best to study all the subjects, especially English. My family yet hoped that I was going to study in the field of health sciences; they convinced me to learn it. They said my splendid English learning was just my pastime, but I did not agree with that since I had never found happiness in learning sciences and mathematics, but I did in learning language. That was like the turning point of my decision and I had been thinking to be a doctor for a long time. On the other hand, I was really lucky because my family understood me, and they let me pick up as I pleased. I, in the end, was learning English I loved; although, the plan was always changing all the time, but until now I have never regretted my decision.

Benefit of Study Abroad free essay sample

Studying abroad may be that defining moment in your education that will change your life. Nothing will be quite the same after you have studied abroad. * Your perspectives will be global * Your attitudes will be international * You will have memories that you will carry forever * Your resume will be more attractive * In some cases, your language proficiency will be advanced * You will have developed lifelong friendships The largest misconception that prevents students from participating in study abroad is its perceived inaccessibility. Yet students who do study abroad are often amazed at how easy it was to put the whole thing together!Financial aid is often available, every major field of study can partake, and study abroad is an experience available to every student. Its as easy as a working through a checklist! The following information is just that it should be used only as a guideline. Every college and university has its own study abroad policy and requirements, so be sure that you work with your campus advisors and offices. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefit of Study Abroad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why study abroad? sdy pic 01 5 Reasons to Study Abroad 1. Academic credit The most obvious reason why students study abroad is to earn academic credit. You should consider the type of credit you will earn on your study abroad program.Will you earn credit towards your major or elective credit only? Will you receive grades or pass/fail credit only? Will it count towards your GPA? You may study abroad to earn upper division credits in your major field or you may be overseas to earn some of your core or general education hours your freshman year. It is important that you work with your campus study abroad and/or registrars office before committing to a program to make sure that the credits will count towards your degree. 2. Language acquisition The world market place is shrinking rapidly and many companies require or prefer that their employees have second languages. Foreign languages are not only valuable in the work force, they are valuable in the real world. 3. Practical experience Study abroad coupled with an international internship is an incredible way to gain some real world experience. You may find that only an international program can offer the real expertise you desire in your education. Australia is a great place to find a marine biology program, the engineering labs in Sweden may exceed your facilities at your home institution, and peace studies in Geneva would offer an insight that couldnt be matched in Nebraska. . Resume building International experience is ranked high among many employers as a critical asset for prospective employees. Study abroad shows that you are resourceful, adventurous, internationally minded, and diverse. See the Discover Your Value series on this blog. 5. Experience of a lifetime In a couple years you may forget the name of your literature professor in Grenoble or the name of your dorm in Beijing, but youll never forget the friends you made or the incredible experiences you shared

Controversial Argumentative Essay Topics

Controversial Argumentative Essay TopicsThe most controversial argumentative essay topics are the ones that tackle the cultural and social aspects of the society. And it is these topics that many students aspire to write.College admissions test and interviews will be dominated by issues of cultural background, which will often keep the emphasis on the past. The discussion of present issues will always lag behind. The approach at that stage is to prove the students' worthiness. It's like looking at a picture of yourself and telling yourself 'look how far you have come, look how much better you are now, here I am, see how well I have been doing!'If you go back in your mind, there will be a few memorable moments in your life where history has caught your attention. Do you remember these? How did they make you feel? If you are going through some life changing event, you may be under intense pressure to write a compelling argumentative essay topic on your own or with the help of others.On the other hand, there are quite a few students who have been born into an environment where people are not interested in reading about history or learning about history or studying history. And in this case the academic subjects become just theoretical, less about living facts and more about fashion and rules that help students to be comfortable in the social environment.Students in these situations will be desperate to find some other way to prove their worth. And this is where you can play your part. You can use your background in a cultural environment to prove your worth to the hiring committee, the college council or your fellow students.In a university these days there are a number of well-known institutes offering courses on various issues of culture and society. These include anthropology, sociology, history, communication, geography, comparative studies, religious studies and several other topics. A good history student can appear at a university with little effort, as the curriculum will not be too demanding on his/her attention span.But the moment you enter into the college or university the college course is not really about the learning of information and knowledge; it is a difficult period for students when they are forced to reflect on their lives and examine their past. This is what colleges must do to hold their students in. Most of the time the colleges get hold of the students only for very short periods, and the students are forced to learn too much and to think too much before the time limit is over. The controversies that come up here are so great, that you can't avoid them.

Psychology free essay sample

While earlier, used editions may be available in the campus bookstore, and differences between the two versions are relatively minor, you do so at your own risk. *Note that we have placed 2 copies of the text on reserve at the Data Porter Library (24 hour loan period). A link to access the course reserves appears on the course web site (below). Course Description and Objectives This is an introductory course in psychology, which meaner that we will be covering all areas of psychology in the course. It is designed to introduce you to the field of psychology as a whole, and to the major theories and findings in the discipline. The course is designed so that you can meet the following objectives: 1 . Become familiar with the broad range of topics that make up the discipline of psychology. 2. Become familiar with the methods of investigation used in psychology, and the strengths and limitations of these methods. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Develop an understanding of the vocabulary and concepts of psychology that will allow you to study further in advanced courses or through independent reading. 4. Develop the ability to relate the findings of psychological research to your life and to important issues in our society and the world at large. . Think critically about your preconceptions of what psychology is so you can become an informed consumer of psychological information (in the media, Journals, etc ) Course Website (http://learn. Outerwear. Ca): The course website will include reprint slides shown in lectures, the course syllabus and any announcements. You will also be able to check your grades on the course website. The Powering slides will be posted at least 24 hours before lecture, as many students prefer to take notes directly on the slides. That said, having the slides will not replace regularly attending lectures. Attendance is critical for success n this course. Course Content: You will be responsible for materials from two sources in this course: the lectures and the textbook. 20% of exam questions will come exclusively from lecture materials, while 20% will come exclusively from the textbook. The remaining 60% of questions will come from materials that were covered both in lectures and in the textbook. To do well in this course it is necessary to both attend lectures and keep up with the assigned textbook readings. Questions and Contacting the Instructors: The greatest disadvantage of a course this size (250+ students) is the minimal umber of individual interactions you will have with your instructors. We strongly encourage you ask questions in class/after class or to come to our office hours with questions. If you have questions about: * Content: Please direct them to the relevant instructor (see schedule below) or to teaching assistants. * Missed tests: Please contact teaching assistants. * Course website problems: Please contact teaching assistants. * Questions about exams/assignments: Please contact teaching assistants. Other inquiries: Please contact teaching assistants. COURSE REQUIREMENTS GRADING Requirements Tests (32% each): You will take three in-class multiple-choice tests during the semester. The tests will cover material that is presented in the text and in lectures. The tests will not be cumulative. There will not be a final exam. In general, there will be no make-up tests, but i n cases of severe illness or other extenuating circumstances a make-up test will be offered. Given the size of the class written documentation will be required for any make-up test. It is also required that you contact a TA within 72 hours, with your written documentation, to schedule the make- up test. Make-up exams will not occur more than one week after the original exam date. There will also be an optional application paper (see below). 2. Application Paper (Optional 32%): You have the option to write a short paper (1000 to 1500 words in length). In this paper, you will find 1-3 examples of popular media (e. G. News stories, books, blobs, movies, etc ) and analyses them using at least one of the psychological concepts you have learned in this course. This can be anything from a news article about relations between Israel and Palestine to a blob entry about a social issue to a particular characters behavior in a movie or novel. You Just need three referencesone can be the textbook, a second should be from a psychological Journal, and finally you need to reference the media you are analyzing. You are strongly encouraged to contact either the Tats or the instructors with your ideas for the paper before writing it. You will receive specific instructions for this assignment in class. It will be due on Tuesday November 26th by 1 1 :55 pm. There will be no extensions for this assignment and you are encouraged to submit it well before the due date. Your mark on this paper may be used to replace the grade of your lowest mid-term. In the event that your mark on this optional assignment is lower than your mid-term marks, your mid-term marks will not be changed. 3. Psychological experiments/studies you participate in/article reviews (4% + 2% bonus): During the term, you will have opportunities to participate in studies that are being conducted by University of Waterloo researchers. See the description below. Your participation is voluntary. During the first three weeks of our course, there will be a Mass Testing Questionnaire that can be completed on the web. This will count as one research participation credit. You can earn up to 2 additional percentage points in the class by participating in other experiments. Please note that you do not have to participate in experiments/studies if you dont want to. Alternatively (or in addition), you may write up short reviews of articles that are relevant to psychology. Articles that you review must be serious (e. G. A news report of a study that has genuine relevance to psychology) rather than frivolous. You must check with a TA about the appropriateness of any article that you are thinking about summarizing. You may use the sheet at the end of the course outline to guide he writing of your summary. Please turn it in with the summary. In addition, you may not summarize any of the articles that you are using for your application paper or the article s in the Scientific American reader. You complete a total of 4 research participations in any combination of mass testing questionnaire, experimental participation and article summaries (e. . , 2 experimental participations + completing the mass testing questionnaire + 1 article summary; or 3 experimental participations + mass testing questionnaire) for normal course credit. Each hour of research participation/summary/mass testing questionnaire will be worth 1% of your grade for a total of 4%. In addition, I will allow you to participate in two additional hours of experiments (or article summaries) for an additional 1% extra credit for each. So theoretically, you could earn a mark of 102%. There will be no other opportunities to earn extra credit?I cannot grant any special requests for extra credit.

Generating Curiosity in Mathematics

Generating Curiosity in Mathematics Strategies for Enhancing Curiosity in Mathematics One of strategies for enhancing curiosity in mathematics among students is making use of mathematical manipulatives. Manipulatives are obtained from day-to-day objects used by students. Using this strategy, curiosity is developed through connection of mathematical concepts with sensorimotor understanding coupled with explicit verbal-declarative skills.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Generating Curiosity in Mathematics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another strategy is making students work in groups. The third strategy is to teach all the students together and have one repeat the procedure to the rest. A reward may be given for correct repetition. Lastly, a teacher may use mathematical problems to create games for which every student would like to be part of. In the effort to become champions in a particular game, the students develop curiosity on how to work with n umbers. Purpose of the Strategies For successful performance in the games, when using games to create curiosity among children, a child endeavors to learn the rules of the game. Hence, when games are made such that they feature mathematical analogies, children become curious on how they can be able to learn the rules and the processes of determining the winner (Koch, 2010). The purpose of mathematical manipulative strategy is to make children relate practical scenarios with the concepts taught in mathematics. For strategies of group work and having a single student teach the rest about something that has been taught previously, the purpose is to encourage students to become curious by learning from the mistakes made. How a teacher can apply the strategies in classroom settings To use manipulatives to enhance curiosity in mathematics among students, a teacher can collect colored beads, blocks, or even sticks. He or she has to make the learners sample together blocks of the same color followed by requesting them to count each set of the blocks in an effort to get their answer. Based on color differences, students learn that different objects have different mathematical representations. This strategy would make them become curious about other things, for instance, their number in class based on gender. Using gaming strategy to enhance math curiosity, the teacher needs to let the children engage in plays while keeping the record of scores for each session in the form of blocks with one block representing a score. The blocks for different sessions also need to be different in color. When requested to identify the number of scores in all the games, the main problem would be how to count the total number of blocks. Since the winner will be the team having the largest number of blocks, children are able to have curiosity to understand the precedence of numbers through gaming and the process of determining the winner, which entails addition.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To induce math curiosity by having students work in groups, a teacher may give students a number of sticks to use in the computation of addition problems. Each student in the group is requested to carry out an addition task while explaining to the rest about every step. When one student completes the task, another student in the same group is requested to also carry out the task. Rewards are given for students who achieve outstanding results. Rewarding not only motivates them but also makes the group members more curious about the process of using the sticks to arrive at the correct answers (Reys, Lindquist, Lambdin Smith, 2012). A teacher can also induce curiosity in math by choosing randomly a student to repeat the process of solving a mathematical problem to the rest of the students. This strategy makes students pay attention and or develop curiosity to know how mat hematical problems are solved so that, should one be chosen to solve a similar problem, she or he will get it right and get a reward. Reference List Koch, J. (2010). Science stories: Science methods for elementary and middle schoolteachers. Wadsworth: Cengage Publishing. Reys, R., Lindquist, M., Lambdin, D., Smith, N. (2012). Helping Children Learn Mathematics. Hobokon, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

One future change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

One future change - Essay Example In this regard, a ‘many-to-many’ model of communication has replaced the latter, requiring organizations to implement multiple online communication strategies that can counter any challenges in the event of a crisis. In the words of Gonzalez & Smith (2010); â€Å"the new internet environment demands that organizations be cognizant of facts that; there is instant access to information by their audiences, stakeholders are today more scattered given the diversity of media available online, people with issues against organizations can with the help of the internet, quickly mobilize to protect their interests and the traditional role of mass media as a gatekeeper and disseminator of information does not exist anymore†. For these reasons, organizations have evolved in their communication to audiences by being more proactive online. Pro-activity in this context require them to engage their audience on all platforms and respond to their concerns so that in the event of a crisis, the mechanisms are already in place and good relationship with the online audience created. Even with many organizations having implemented online crisis management strategies, the next few years will see an acute improvement in how some of these organizations shape their existing frameworks. In this regard, the following can be picked out as the critical issues from Gonzalez & Smith’s (2010) article that will possible be expanded in the short term: Correctly understanding an organization’s audience: As explained by Gonzalez & Smith (2010), an organization in the building materials’ manufacturing industry does not have a savvy audience as a gaming software company. These two entities cannot, therefore, employ the same crisis management strategy in the online world. Most organizations engage in business- to- business and business- to- individual levels, and this calls for a proper understanding of the audience segments so that commensurate communication models are

Advanced organisational behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advanced organisational behaviour - Assignment Example The rising technological advancement and the development of human and organisational dimensions are a few of the major considerable steps of BPR in the present business world. In this context, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in BPR through providing office automation. It facilitates to expand the business locations, provides feasible flexibility in the production levels and allows faster delivery of products and services to the customers. Eventually, the use of ICT in BPR also facilitates effective and efficient development of the processes through which the organisations perform their business activities (Zigiaris, 2000). Keeping in consideration the pace of transformational changes in the internal structure of business processes and the promising growth of the modern ICTs, the paper intends to briefly discuss about the initial role played by BPR and its various implications towards the continuous development of the modern business organisatio ns during the period of 1990s. The discussion of this paper will also focus on recognising the major factors causing failure of BPR in various dimensions of the organisations across the different regions of the world. Moreover, whether one of the prime causes of failure of BPR was due to insufficient consideration towards the human dimension or not would also be discussed in the paper. Evolution of BPR in the Early Stages Business process re-engineering can be considered as fundamental rethinking as well as essential redesign of business processes in order to accomplish dramatic developments in contemporary measures of performances including product/service, quality, cost and speed of delivery. Furthermore, the re-engineering process comprises a planned, controlled and measured set of actions which are designed to produce outputs in order to attain the interests of the particular market or audience. It involves a well-built importance on the procedure of accomplishing tasks within t he organisation (Hammer & Champy, 2000). During the period of 1990s, the BPR had played a dominant role in developing organisational structures as well as processes through effectively implementing ICTs within the business processes. The continuous and radical development of ICTs has been witnessed to play a key role in developing the organisational performance in their ways of providing goods or services (Netjes & et. al., n.d.). In the past few years, the BPR has gained substantial growth in the organisational development with respect to the various operations of the organisations across the world. During the commencement of the notion of BPR in the early part of 1990s, it was considered as a revolutionary development for the organisations with regard to their different processes including planning, designing, manufacturing, financing, human resource as well as sales and marketing (CSC, 2009). Source: (Center for Advanced Technologies, n.d.) The evolution of BPR had initially appe ared in business management during the mid of 1990s through the publication of influential article of Michael Hammer. The article portrayed an advanced and changed management philosophy which was significantly

Types and importance of on the job training

Types and importance of on the job training In this chapter, different authors view from different sources will be analyzed with relation to On-the-Job Training. 2.0 Introduction According to Peter Drucker (1999) the most valuable asset of a 21st-century institution, whether business or non-business, will be its knowledge workers and their productivity and he further considered the human resource as being the lifeblood of any successful organization which as a result becomes of prime importance that such asset is cared and well managed. One way through which this can be done is training. Training of employees is an important factor if the organization wants to, obviously, achieves its objectives in an effective and efficient manner. Training is defined by Armstrong (2001) as a formal and systematic adjustation of behavior through learning which occurs as a result of education, instruction, and development and planned experience. On his side, Noe (2002) view training as a planned effort by a company to facilitate employees learning of job related competencies. Moreover, Bentley (1990, p.25) stated that the role of training may be seen as ensuring that the organization has the people with the correct mix of attributes, through providing appropriate learning opportunities and motivating people to learn, and thus enabling them to perform to the highest level of quality and service. Lanciono et al. (2004) highlighted the fact that call centre Managers are concerned about the continuous improvement of employees skill, since the products, technologies, and services that they handle are changing at a rapid pace and as a result call centres are often forced to provide employees who service and sell their product with formal training and opportunities to upgrade their knowledge and skills. 2.1 The effectiveness of training Effective training program helps organization to achieve their objectives. Drummond (1989) put forward the general objectives of training activities as being; orienting new employees to the organization and their job, helping employees perform their current jobs well, keeping employees informed of changes within the organization, and providing opportunities for personal development. Sales and Cannon (2001) pointed out that both theory and practice have improved dramatically trainings effectiveness. Kirckpatrict (1996) further affirmed that effectiveness is a concept that consists of four levels: satisfaction, learning results, job behavior and organizational benefits. The effectiveness of training is not only caused by training characteristics but is also influenced by the trainees characteristics and organizations characteristics. The influence of the supervisor (and sometimes the influence of colleagues) on the effectiveness of training was evident in the work of Brinkerhoft and Montesino et al. (1995). Furthermore, Tracey et al. (2001) asserted that for any training program to be considered as effective, trainees have to learn the training content and then apply such learning in the workplace; thus any training program can be conceptualized as being composed of training acquisition and transfer of training. Walter (1998) further alleged that an effective and efficient on-the-job training program is vital for the development of highly skilled employees needed for business success. Jacobs (2003) lay emphasis that training is more effective when trainees possess the pre requisite knowledge, skills and readiness, including technical background, comfort with the use of tools and equipment, literacy, and previous work experience. Effective training is vital to most call centres. 2.2 Types of training With reference to Dessler (2000) and Treven and Mulej (2000), the most popular training methods used by organizations can be categorized by either: Off the job training, or, On the job training. Off the job training Off the job training is defined by Rothwell and Kazanas (1994) as any type of training that is not performed on the job, that is, training which take place in a classroom and which is designed to train groups of trainees rather than individual. Besides, Lewis and Trevitt (1994) reported that off the job training offers learning opportunity through attendance at training fora away from the job or workplace. There are several types of off the job training and De Cenzo and Robbins (1996) summarized them as follows: Types Description 1. Classroom lectures Lectures design to communicate specific interpersonal, technical or problem solving skills. 2. Video and films Using various media productions to demonstrate specialized skills that are not easily presented by other training methods. 3. Simulation Exercise Training that occurs by actually performing the work ; it may include case analysis, experiential exercise, role playing, or group decision making. 4. Computer base training Simulating the work environment by programming a computer to some of the realities of the job. 5. Vestibule training Training on actual equipments used on the job, but conducted away from the actual work setting. 6. Programmed Instruction Condensing training materials into highly organized, logical sequences. However, Jacobs (2003) pointed out that off the job training often do not have the desired relevance. According to Smith and Smith (2008), in the Australian call centres, the Customer Service Representatives (CSR) undergo an initial off-the-job period of induction which covers the product knowledge required but focuses primarily on telephone techniques. During this session, the CSRs will typically role play telephone calls and listen in to live calls being taken by CSRs in the call centre. 2.3 Definition of On-the-job training (OJT) Smith and Smith (2008) further elaborated that after the induction, the CSRs are placed out into the call centre usually with working with an experienced agent thus by gradually learning how to perform, or is being placed in a configured training teams that will not be subject to the same performance as live teams although the trainee will be working with actual customers. On the job training was claimed to be the most common, the most widely accepted and the most necessary method of training employees in the skills essential for acceptance performance. (Tracey 1971, p.30, reported by S. Jones 1988, p.11). Levine (1997) simply stated that OJT is about two people working closely together so that one person can learn from the other. On his side, Campbell (1990) seen on the job training as the same as in an employees normal work situation, as being designed to change the knowledge, attitude and behavioral patterns directly appropriate to the performance of a given task or job. In addition, Siele (1988) considered on the job training as an informal type of training given to employees at the work place, where the trainer plays the role of the immediate supervisor of the employees and its purpose is to improve the employees working skills, efficiency and productivity. Siele (1988) emphasized that on the job training supplements all other forms of training with the additional advantage of being provided to more people in any given year than it is possible at training institutions. According to Jacobs and jones (1995) and Rothwell and Kazanas (1994), OJT refers to a form of training that occurs at the workplace during the performance of a job rather than in a classroom setting. In addition, Jacobs and Jones (1995) and Rothwell and Kazanas (1994) asserted that this form of training is the most widely used method of delivering training for a novice employee by an experienced employee today and is one of the most important components of learning in the work place. Types of on the job training According to Jacobs (2003), OJT as a form of individualized training, can be designed and delivered using two basic approaches: Unstructured OJT Structured OJT According to various authors, the unstructured OJT is used frequently in most organizations whereas the structured OJT is the most recent application of OJT (Hamilton and Hamilton, 1997; Lawson, 1997; Levine, 1997; Filipczak, 1996; Rothwell and Kazanas, 1994) Unstructured On-the-job training Rothwell (1997) formulated a definition for unstructured OJT as an approach in which learners are thrown into the work and the training is based on daily work requirement rather than the learner/worker needs. Jacobs and Jones (1995) indicated that unstructured OJT occurs when trainees acquire job knowledge and skills from impromptu explanations or demonstrations but others, trial and error efforts, self-motivated reading, or simply by imitating the behavior of others. In addition, Rothwell and Kazanas (1994) acknowledged the fact that unstructured OJT are OJT that is not planned or logically organized; training and learning takes place by trainees performing the work or by watching others performing. However, unstructured OJT is accompanied by loads of criticism. Levine (1997) argued that, as an unstructured system, no criteria are established for the quality of training, nor are records of the training maintained. Along with, Filipczak (1993, p.30) added that unstructured OJT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦does not enforce common work standard. It does not ensure the trainee will perform the way the trainer says they should be done. It allows the trainee to pick up the trainers bad habits along with his good ones. Filipczak (1993) reported that Martin Broadwell confirms that about ninety five percent of OJT is done so poorly that the job is negatively affected. Equally, several studies conducted by Jacobs and Jones (1995) conformed that unstructured OJT leads to increased error rates, lower productivity and decreased training efficiency. On the whole, just as OJT experts (Hamilton and Hamilton et al., 1997) confirm that most of the OJT that takes place in businesses is unstructured, they agree that unstructured OJT is the least beneficial and least effective type of training. Johnson and Leach (2001) also supported the above statement viewing unstructured OJT as being often ineffective and inefficient as compared with structured OJT. Structured On-the-Job Training According to Stolovitch and Ngoa Nguele (2001), structured OJT differs from unstructured OJT in that a systematic planning process is used to design and carry out the training. Lawson (1997) defined structured OJT as a training which is planned and well organized and a one on one program designed to provide the employee with the relevant knowledge and skills required to perform tasks entailed in the employees job. Furthermore, Jacobs (2003) viewed structured OJT as a planned process of developing competence on units of work by having an experienced employee train a novice employee at the work setting or a location that closed resembles the work setting. Moreover, Baron (1997), acknowledged the fact that structured OJT provides the delivery of training in an organized, sequential manner, with the aim of becoming as efficient as possible. Also Chase (1997) contends the fact that structured OJT is inexpensive, quickly developed, takes place at the work site, and focuses on task that ar e directly related to the job. Equally important, Walter (1996) added that structured OJT can increased quality of training, employee morale, and communication as well as decision making along with employees who are trained in new skills very quickly. Empirically, researchers have demonstrated that structured OJT has helped in making valuable contributions in terms of an increased in productivity of an organization. (Bennett and Calvin, 2002; Jacobs and Osman Gani, 1999; Stolovitch and Ngoa Ngule 2001) Jacobs and Jones (1995) stated that structured OJT has the following main points: A planned process, structured OJT requires an investment of time and effort before it can be used. As a result, trainees should be able to learn the appropriate content and achieve the desired training objectives. Structured OJT focuses on the task level of jobs and does not involve an entire job but rather just a small part of it. Structured OJT should be delivered by an experienced employee with the qualifications to become a trainer, thus not every employee can necessarily become a trainer. Structured OJT usually occurs at the job setting, although in some instances. It may occur near the job setting. Many authors among which feature Jacobs (1999), Jacobs and Jones (1992), Jacobs and Gani (1998), Rothwell and Kazanas (1990), and Scribner and Sachs (1990) have detailed the benefits of structured OJT and these benefits include reduced overall learning time, reduced overall training costs, greater flexibility to the needs of the individual worker, positive relationship building between novices and experienced workers/ superiors, higher transfer rates than those cited for classroom and other formal training, and perhaps most importantly, heightened new-worker confidence. There are, generally, two distinct features of structured OJT compared with classroom training: Firstly, DeSimone and Harris (1998) claimed that a trainee has an immediate opportunity to use and practice what he or she has learned on the job and therefore a trainer can achieve learning objectives more efficiently. Secondly, Jacobs (2003) affirmed that the transfer of learning is enhanced in structured OJT environment, especially in the match between the training setting and work setting; because the learning environment is the same as the work environment in structured OJT, a trainee is able to use the same equipments and tools that he or she is meant to use to perform his or her actual work.  ­Ã‚ ­Other studies (Jacobs 1996) have demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of using structured OJT compared with mainly off the job training and unstructured OJT in terms of financial benefits, high satisfaction rating, and fewer quality errors. In complement to, Burkett (2002) showed that employees who learn tasks through structured OJT make fewer quality errors. Moreover, Lawson (1997) put forward that structured OJT is based on adult learning theories and on how and why people learn. Below is a brief overview about what is adult learning about: Adult learning Malcolm Knowles (1978, 1990) was the theorist who first brought the concept of adult learning to a prominent position. Knowles (1990) contends that adults need to control their learning, as well as feel that what they learn has immediate utility, and is focused on issues that directly concern them; adults need to anticipate how they will use their learning, and to expect performance improvement to result from their learning. Knowless (1998) work was among the most guiding one with its six principles of adult learning being summarized as follows: Need to know adults need to know why they should learn something, that is why they need to learn something and how it will benefit them. Self concept adults fight against others imposing their will on them, but having been conditioned through the national school system of a dependent learner, they need to be moved into a self directed learner where they are responsible for their own learning and the direction it takes. Role of experience adults experience should be used in their new learning and the technique should include ways to include the adults knowledge as a tool that they can draw upon and also provide engagement by acknowledging them for their experience. Readiness to learn adults seek out learning as a way to better cope with real life task and problems. Orientation to learn the new learning should clearly define how the new learning will apply to their life in some fashion. Motivation to learn internal motivators are important than the external motivators that adults may receive for more learning. These internal motivators can come in the form of increased job satisfaction, self esteem and quality of life. In similar vein, Birkenholz (1999) asserted that adults with more education have a stronger tendency to participate in adult educational activities rather than those who have less education since as people expand their knowledge base, they also increase awareness of what they do not know. The following table summarizes important characteristics of adult learners and the implications to call center training programs: Adult learners: Implications to call center training programs: Want practical application Develop task-centered and problem-centered training programs. Want their real-life experiences to be recognized and valued Use the learners experiences and examples; develop interactive sessions. Are continuous learners and prefer to manage their own learning efforts Involve learners in development and evaluation of the program; encourage self-discovery and action planning. Have varied learning styles Use multimedia, varied methods of delivery, accelerated training methods. Need to know why they are learning Inform learner of the why behind the training before it begins Are motivated most by internal pressures (themselves) Help learners understand the benefits of training to job satisfaction, self-esteem and quality of life. Source: What Every Trainer Needs to Know About How Agents Learn by Laurie Solomon, published in Call Center Management Review , June 1999. Structured OJT typologies Generally there are four commonly used types of OJT among which features: Job instruction training Mentoring Coaching Job rotation Job Instruction Training (JIT) The JIT consists of four steps which were developed by Allen (1919) to train shipbuilders during World War I (Sleight, 1993). Rothwell and Kazanas (1994) outlined the four steps in the JIT model as follows: Step1 Preparation showing and demonstrating what learners will do; Step 2 Presentation telling learners what they will performed and why; Step 3 Application allowing the trainee the opportunity to practice the skills; Step 4 Inspection checking the trainees work and providing feedback. In addition to Rothwell and Kazanas (1994), Allen (1919) further described in his book that these steps should always be carried out in the order given and that the purpose of step 1 is to get the learner ready to be instructed of step 2 to instruct him of step 3 to check up errors and of step 4 to give a final inspection of the instruction job. However, Ford (1970) argues that the four step model is no longer enough; thus he added two other components objectives and evaluation recognizing that these components are implied by most of the expositions of Job Instruction Training. The amended diagram can be illustrated as follows: According to Ford (1970), the first step is the determination of objectives which describes what the learner will be doing when demonstrating his achievement and how one will know when he is doing it. Even though evaluation is listed as the final step in the model though it is a continuous process. Ford (1970) laid much emphasis that throughout the learning situation, the instructor should reflect on and evaluate each element in terms of the objectives and also he further claimed that evaluation is usually thought of as evaluating the student which in fact is to evaluate the entire learning process as well as a self evaluation of the instructor himself. Job rotation DeSimone and Harris (1998) define job rotation as an activity that involves a series of assignment to different positions or departments for a specified period of time. Wood (1995) added that job rotation is the systematic movement of employees from job to job within an organization, as a way to achieve various different human resources objectives such as: orienting new employees, preventing job boredom or burnout, reward employees, enhancing career development as well as exposing employees to diverse environments. According to Weihrich and Koontz (2002), the basic objective of job rotation is to broaden the actual knowledge of managers or potential managers who are made to move through: Non supervisory work; Observation assignment where they observe what other managers do rather than actually managing the portfolios; Assistant positions in some cases for brief periods in case of unforeseen absences or vacations of other managers. In line with the above statement, Anon (2001) stated that job rotation provides the employee with an opportunity to get a better understanding of the overall company and provide the organization with a more flexible workforce. Jerris (1999) added that excellent job rotation program can minimize training costs while optimizing the impact on training, by making individual in a better position to be flexible, self-motivated, adaptable, innovative, eager to learn and able to communicate effectively. According to Osborne (1996), at the start of job rotation, output may decrease temporarily implying that job rotation does not follow that job interest. DeSimone and Harris (1998) stated that within the job rotation training program, the trainee is evaluated by the trainer at each job, and at the end of training, the trainees evaluation are used as a means to decide in which department or job the trainee will work. Jerns (1999) argued that the possible problems with the job rotation program is that it is costly since job rotation involves a great amount of management time which is spend on lower level employees and it may also increase the work load, thus decreasing the productivity for the rotating employees manager and for other employees. Coaching Smith and Smith (2008) stated that the activities of the trainers after the induction session largely consisted of on-the-job coaching. Harris (1997) described coaching as an informal, unplanned training and development activities provided by supervisors and peers. Albers (1974) views OJT similar as coaching thus defining it as a conscious creation of an environment within which subordinates can learn to become better executives. On his part, Oladunni (1998) added that coaching is those managerial actions and behaviors specifically that focused on developing an employee so that he or she can perform at maximum compatibility. Oladunni (1998) further stressed that coaching maximizes the contribution of both the trainer and the trainee simultaneously and enables the coach to concentrate on other management functions. According to Sullivan (1998) the role of the coach is to facilitate learning as well as guiding learners toward the acquisition of new knowledge or upgrade their skills and equally seeking to influence learners attitudes by acting as a role model or mentor. Mentoring Mentoring, on the other hand takes a more holistic approach and guides the learner through broader aspects of the particular job (Cunningham et al. 2004) Woods and Cortada (1998) view mentoring as a learning relationship in which an individual with knowledge shares that knowledge with his or her colleague. The mentor is usually a supervisor or manager and the intention of mentoring is to support the employees, help orientating them to the job and work environment and preparing the employee for increasing responsibility (DeSimone and Harris, 1998, p.145) Brennan and Little (1996) described the process of mentoring as follows: In the first instance the mentor will be more pro active, supportive and encouraging, but in time the learner develops independence, confidence and autonomy. The mentor then needs to become more critical, challenging and confrontational, encouraging reflection. Effective and lasting learning takes place when learner experience a balance of challenge and support, confrontation and encouragement. Hooling and Resta (2001) support mentorship as a means to improve trainers own professional competency and belief through learning opportunities from trainees in mentoring. Components of a successful Structured OJT Jacobs (2003) held that a system view of structured OJT represents the interaction of several components, such as the training input, training process, the training outputs, and the organizational context. There is no best way to do structured training but however it has been noted that there seem to be some common elements among successful structured system, Levine (1996) stated that the components below may have different significance in different organizations: Management support Levine (1995) maintained the fact that training takes time and that it requires supervisors to allow themselves enough time for preparation and training, with the aim of not thwarting any structured OJT effort; Levine (1995, pp.1) further affirmed that If you cannot gain internal support from the organizations managers and supervisors, dont waste time trying to implement structured OJT. Moreover, Levine (1995) stated that support may come in the form of supplies, funding, materials and recognition of trainers and trainees. On a similar vein, Cleveland and Harne (2003) pointed out that the effect of training in call centres must be understood by all levels of the organizations senior management to ensure ongoing financial support. Formal trainer support process Levine (1995) emphasized that successful system generally have an OJT coordinator, a training manager, or some people outside the work area to provide the support necessary for a trainer; thus may include a dotted line relationship to the training organization. Jacobs (2003) further further put forward that organizations should be prepared to provide additional resources, such as appropriate rewards and incentives, necessary to support trainers in order to manage and develop trainers performance over time. Checklists and OJT training material Checklists is defined by Levine (1994, p.6) as being the foundation of any OJT system. Levine (1997) further lay out that checklists add structure to the training process and they list the specific skills and the employee is checked off as each task is successfully performed. Another document pointed out by Broadwell (1986) is the lesson plan which is intended to guide the training and improve the trainers ability to instruct the trainee. Broadwell (1996) also noted that the lesson plan must include what the trainer will say, show, and do, what the trainee will be expected to do, a timeframe for training, and the job aids and resources that are used in training. Train the trainer Johnson and Leach (2001) advised that prospective trainers are expected to develop training related skills through a train the trainer course. According to Levine (1995), training of the OJT trainer is the key to successful implementation; and that the program should contain high impact activities with the aim of changing trainers behavior from telling to coaching, from demonstrating skills for trainees to performing them with them. Meyer and Marsick (2003) advocated that it is important that the design and delivery, such as conducting needs assessment, developing objectives, creating an agenda, developing instructional event, and evaluating learning outcomes, still need to be included as core components of any train the trainer program. What an effective trainer look like will further be elaborated in the next section. Tracking and Report generation The last component as mentioned by Levine (1996) is tracking and report generation which is an important element for managing the training process as well as for other business reason like the fulfillment of the ISO 9000 quality award and an effective tracking and report generation may also provide valuable information to the stakeholders as well as providing a means of accountability. Smith (1995) stated that it is important to document whether there is a substantial difference between the approaches in the knowledge and skills acquired during the training. An effective trainer Sullivan and Smith (1996) stated that one of the most important elements of OJT training is selecting and qualifying trainers, since according to Harris et al. (2000) the quality of training in the workplace depends to a considerable degree on workplace trainers. As pointed out by Johnson and Leach (2001), OJT supervisors tend to select trainers on the basis of their job experience. However, Walters (2003) argued that even though OJT trainers are subject matter experts and more senior employees as such as they may possessed little competence in how to conduct an OJT program. Johnson and Leach (2001) urge to use expert workers who possess three competencies as follows: Technical competency: this competency is related to the extent to which the trainer possesses a high level of technical knowledge and skills in the area to be taught. Professional competency: this competency has to do with knowledge and skills related to instructional areas including planning, delivery and evaluation of learning. Personal competency: it refers to the personal and behavioral characteristics that influence the way trainers are perceived by others. In supplement to, Jacobs (2003, p.98) proposed two basic requirements that make OJT trainers more effective that is they should have adequate competence in the unit of work that comprises of the training, and they should have adequate competence about the training as trainer. Jacob and Jones (1995), on their side, outlined eight qualities to look for when selecting an OJT trainer. These are: Qualities Brief description 1. Task knowledge and skills The ability to perform the work behaviors at appropriate performance levels. 2. Specialized training Completion of specialized training in the area that will be the basis of the OJT program. 3. Willingness to share their expertise Interest in the development of others. 4. Respect from peers Perception by other employees that the trainer has task expertise, leadership abilities and general problem-solving skills 5. Interpersonal skills Ability to communicate clearly and comprehensively 6. Literacy skills Ability to comprehend resource materials 7. Concern for the organization Showing an interest in helping the organization improve its performance 8. Job expectations Awareness of job expectations and assignments and how these will affect their ability to perform as an OJT trainer In the call centre environment, Akroyd et al. (2006) acknowledged that the supervisor plays an important role, and Therkelsen and Fiebich (2003) argued that a supervisors communication skills are of great importance and that these skills should be a meaningful part of the evaluation process. Strengths and weaknesses of OJT Jacobs (2003) stated that every training program contains its own strengths and weaknesses.